Monday, September 30, 2019

Child and Young Person Development Essay

Physical Development birth-3years The physical development for this age group is described below: Baby raises head and chest when lying on stomach and supports its upper body with arms when lying on stomach they are able to stretch their legs out and kick when lying on their stomach or back. They are able to open and shut their hands, pushing down on their legs when their feet are placed on a firm surface. At this age sucking and grasping reflexes develop the baby is able to focus and follow objects with eyes and brings hand to mouth. They begin to take swipes at dangling objects with hands their movements become stronger. They learn to co-ordinate their movements. Most 18month olds usually walk by themselves (even though some of them might become quite wobbly or unsteady). At 3years most can use tricycle, jump, hop and climb A child grows and develops at an astonishing rate during their first 3years of growing stages. Therefore a child’s body grows stronger, in which they start to develop co-ordination movements, By the time a baby reaches their first birthday, they begin to support large amounts of weight and pulls themself up to their feet, standing this is the beginning of walking. As a result an 18months old child will be capable to walk by themselves even though some of them might become quite wobbly or unsteady, also by the age of 3 years a child might be able to run, jump, hop, climb a climbing frame with little support and pedal a tricycle to get around easily. By the age of 2years a child may master scribbling with a large piece of crayon also by 3 years old they develop the skill to thread a large beads and also try to build a tower with eight or more blocks depending on how balanced and flexible they might be. Babies do not start their walking breakthrough with perfect pace. There is much shuffling, toe walking. The leaning for the baby’s legs to bob out will usually correct itself by the age of 3 years old. Communication and Intellectual Development At this age they watch faces intently following moving objects recognises familiar objects and people at a distance, they start using hands and eyes in coordination smiling at the sound of familiar voice. They smiles and coo in response to others and begins to imitate movements and facial expressions e. g. Sticking out tongue and begin to babble, imitating sounds. They are able to turn their head towards the direction of sound. This stage of development children will make development in both communication and thinking skills. Generally some children might communicate by crying by expressing their feelings that rely on reflex behaviour and simple baby language to children who can speak full sentences, ask questions and use their mind to solve problems to workout things for themselves. A 5year old can communicate using simple sentences and usually understand simple language. Social, Behavioural and Emotional Development At this age they begin to develop a social smile enjoys playing with other people and may cry when playing stops. They become more communicative and expressive with face and body Imitating some movements and facial expressions. Throughout children’s first 3 years of life they will have advanced a lot. A baby will become totally depending on their careers or parents for all of their care. Children become confident and independent individuals by the age of 3years old. But at the age of 3 years old children will become upset when they are faced with separation situations, such as starting nursery or if left with someone else (stranger) other than family members such as a mother or a father. Physical development 3-5 years Children of this age are able to walk in a straight line, backwards, and up and down stairs. They hop on one foot and are able to use paints, scissors, pencils, and crayons to purposefully create shapes, faces, and letters. They are likely to have bladder and bowel control and are able to dresses and undress themselves, feed themselves and do simple chores with assistance and direction. Children start to carry out more body co-ordination movements and start growing in confidence as a result and learn to control their gross motor skills more skilfully. Between three and five years, children’s confidence grows as they start to explore and look for answers and reasons for everything in their world. They love being praised for trying and like to try everything themselves. Both three and four-year-olds are likely to be very active because they are trying to develop their running, climbing and balancing skills. They need plenty of time outdoors to be able to do this. Although many children at four are experts at climbing, they will generally only attempt what they can manage safely. They still need supervision, however, as they sometimes can climb up an object and then are not able to get down without help. Children will start to engage in imaginary play, and pretend to be animals or fairies, or adults like mums or dads, teachers or doctors. Children by the age of 5years develop their fine motor skills as they are learning how to use their controlling skills in order to complete more complex tasks. At the age of 5 years many children can hop, jump and skip as some 5year olds will use a leading hand (either right or left). Communication and intellectual development †¢ Always asks â€Å"Why? † †¢ Uses longer sentences. †¢ Grammar improves. †¢ Starts to understand the difference between real and imaginary. †¢ Listens to, and understands, short stories. †¢ Sings simple songs and recites rhymes from memory. †¢ Has a very active imagination. Children start to understand more challenging theory (like time) and will sense problem-solving skills to work things out for themselves. At this stage their language skills progress very rapidly as the child’s vocabulary expands and they constantly ask questions. Generally on the whole three year olds have wide vocabulary and they can communicate using complex sentences that are most grammatically correct. At this stage children have an active imagination; they listen to, and understand short stories and might tell you their own version of the story. Children can use proper grammar as they are developing and start to ask questions such as why, where and when. They will start to use long sentences to try and explain things, they will sing and dance along to music’s or even they will recites rhymes from memory. Social, emotional and behavioural development At this age the child is able to ever more identify and put a name to their own feelings. They are also able to use words instead of actions to express feelings. They may start to develop fears include real (the dark, animals, and thunderstorms) and imaginary (monsters, ghosts) subjects and may exaggerates and tells â€Å"tall tales†. They enjoy talking about body functions, a sense of humor develops as the begins to share and take turns. This stage of development they start to hit less but will use name calling more, will enjoy playing with other children more at this stage. Children use pretend play more and use their imaginative and theme based to play mamas and papas. Children like to talk and will talk none stop, children enjoy playing group activities and games with other children or by themselves. At the age of three or five years children might undergo numerous changes and for most children this is the stage where they will be starting nursery and then going on to school. Therefore they will have new experiences which is challenging for children but this helps them to learn about managing their feelings and behaviour and develop social skills like sharing and playing together. Between three and five years children are able to understand consequences of behaviour and also the concept of ‘getting in trouble’. Physical development 5-8 years At this age a child may begin to lose baby teeth is able to dress self with little assistance, they learns to skip, throws a ball overhead catches bounced balls rides a tricycle skilfully; may show interest in riding a bicycle with training wheels. This age group is able to balances on either foot for 5-10 seconds, they are able to use fork and knife well, can confidently cut with a scissors, at this stage left or right hand dominance is established. This child walks down stairs, alternating feet without using a handrail; they are able Jumps over low objects, run, gallop, and tumble. They can skip and run on tiptoe and jump rope. They are interested in performing tricks like standing on head, performing dance steps and are capable of learning complex body coordination skills like swimming, ice or roller skating, and riding bicycles. They may be able to tie shoelaces and are able to copy simple designs and shapes. Between five and eight years children develop better co-ordination and more stamina of their gross motor skills. At this stage children become more skilful with their controlling abilities, they also develop team games such as football as it is a very popular game with children especially with boys. This stage of development children are learning to ride a bike with stabiliser, they also have developed the sense of rhythm and enjoy dancing and movement activities. On the whole a 5 year old can tiptoe or run, they will understand time, they have mastered the alphabet, can use simple correct grammar really well and they play really with other children and they can put on their own shoes by themselves. Most five year olds can walk backward, walk heel-to-toe without losing balance, run on toes, hop proficiently, get up without using hands, balance on alternate feet (eyes open or closed), catch a ball using hands more than arms, jump rope and jump down several steps at a time. Communication and intellectual development At this age children are able to use 5-8 words in a sentence, they might like to argue and reason; use words like â€Å"because†. They would know basic colours like red, yellow, and blue, green, orange and are able to memorize their address and phone number. The child at this age understands that stories have a beginning, middle, and end and is able to remember stories and repeat them, they also enjoys creating and telling stories and develops an Understanding, that books are read from left to right, top to bottom. At this age a child enjoys riddles and jokes, draws pictures that represent animals, people, and objects. They enjoy tracing or copying letters and can place objects in order from shortest to tallest. They can understand and use comparative terms like big, bigger, or biggest and are able to Sorts objects by size. They can also identify some letters of the alphabet and a few numbers (if taught). They are able to understand â€Å"more,† â€Å"less,† and â€Å"same† and can count up to 10 objects. They recognises categories eg these toys are all animals, these are all toys and understand position of an object. Their dramatic play is much more elaborate and complex and they can maintain a good attention span concentrating well. They develop curiosity and are interested in cause and effect and can understand time concepts like yesterday, today and tomorrow. Children’s great deal of learning takes place in school, while children are in school they develop their skills in literacy such as (reading, writing, speaking and listening) and their understanding of problem solving and reasoning. By the age of eight years children use logical thought. Social, emotional and behavioural development At this stage of development children start to invent games of their own with friends with simple rules and they will organise toys and pretend play with the other children. Children this stage start to confuse between what is a fantasy and reality and might contracted themselves. Every now and then children have fears of loud noises, the dark, animals, and on occasions of some people. This stage children might start to develop ownership or taking control of things and might not want to take turns and share things with others but doesn’t always want to. Children express anger in many different ways; they might hit another child because they were not given the chance or choice to have a turn in playing the same games and sometimes will get jealousy. Occasionally children try to test their muscular strength and motor skills, but are not emotionally ready for competition. Children time and again might exclude other children in play only wanting to stick with best friends, children develop the use of swear words or from time to time â€Å"bathroom words† in order to gain attention from peers or teachers. They can sometimes be very bossy, likes to try new challenges and take risks, and carries on conversations with other children and adults. They want to make decisions for themselves of what they want to do or eat and dress as. They start to develop an understanding of others feelings and might become aware of another child becoming angry or sad. Children might choose company of 1 or 2 children at a time and might even become bossy or sulky when others join in. A child might like to feel grown up; boasts about self to younger, less capable children. They begin to have a very basic understanding of right and wrong. They start to play contentedly and independently without needing a constant supervision; sometimes they take turns or shares with others but might feel a little bit hesitant. A child might sometimes ask for permission, shows respect and understands rules, they understand and enjoys both giving and receiving, enjoys collecting things and at times needs to get away and be alone, children develop understanding of relationships and similarities and differences in other families, a child will seek an adults approval and sometimes be critical of other children and might be embarrassed by own mistakes. They are less fearful of the world than they are of toddlers because they understand the world better, has a good sense of humour, and enjoys jokes and laughter with adults and peers. Children are becoming much more mature and independent. Children are increasingly independent, undertaking most physical care needs for themselves. They enjoy group play and co-operative activities. By this age children have increase sense of personality and gender are developed. Through improved language skills, therefore children are much more of expressing their feelings and managing their behaviour. By this stage children have established friendship and they become much more confident in social situations. Physical development 8-12 By this stage children develop their puberty for both girls and boys from the around the age of 9 and for some girls they may even start to menstruate around the age of 10 or 11 years old. But for most boys puberty starts later at around 13 or 14 years old and this can lead to some self-consciousness between boys and girls. Boys starts get to develop a deepening of their voice and will start to build up apple in their throat. Boys will begin to have growth of their testicles and penis and start to grow pubic hair, most will have spontaneous erections and wet dreams. Communication and intellectual development At this stage children’s thinking skills is developing maturing and most ten years old can now understand abstracts ideas such as (like feelings). Consequently children’s reasoning and problem solving skills becomes more established and also most ten years old can complete quiet complicated calculations. By this stage children will start that enjoy conversing with each other and chatting in friendships groups. Social development †¢ Girls and boys that develop early are often self-conscious of their body and a target for teasing †¢ Your child may become interested in experimenting with holding hands, hugging and kissing other boys or girls Children at this stage may feel unsettled when making transition from primary school to secondary school and as puberty approaches. Most children may find the transition to secondary challenging and demanding might as well experience intense anxiety and real fear the transit to secondary school. Which therefore can leads to problems with self-esteem and as a result some children become victims of bullying. Most children become independent and might make decision more; also they may play unsupervised at times. At this stage children may travel to school by themselves towards and by the end of age band. As they hit teenage stage they develop mood swings. They will also have conflict with parents/careers due to desire for more independence such as why can’t I stay home alone. They also find that rules are unfair (but all my friends are allowed to do it), they will also start challenging rules to see what happens and may also refuse to go along with some decisions made by parents/careers. Physical development 12-19 years By fifteen or sixteen years of age for most girls the process of puberty is completed. On the other hand for boys puberty starts around the age of fourteen years. For both boys and girls their body changes rapidly throughout puberty, even though some boys grow very rapidly, this can lead to some degree of clumsiness and poor spatial awareness. At this stage some children might develop some talents in sport activities. They might even learn or refine controlling skills such as drawing, stitching, carpentry, woodwork and playing instrument. Communication and intellectual development Young people will be faced with challenges in school as they will preparing for examinations and start to think about their future. At this stage of development children’s academic knowledge stats to increase as exam curriculum is followed towards aged sixteen, as a result decisions are made about their future goals such as (college course and university careers). They might become reluctant to directly as adults for advice or information they need. Young people may prefer to access information or advice as anonymously. Young people might become stressful due to the pressure to achieve and succeed becomes a powerful force. Young people’s communication is carried out in number of through electronic means such as text message ia mobile phones, emails or social networking sites such as facebook, twitter and instagram. Social, emotional and behavioural development Young people desire to express understanding starts to develop while at the same time they form strong desire to fit in with peers become apparent and interest in the opposite sex, and also in own sexuality. They might express themselves through creatively such as art/music/dance/drama and even in creative writing. Young people may experience mood swings and they may disregard the opinions/values of parents/careers if they conflict with those of the peer group. As a result many young people experience their first romantic relationships at this stage and this can lead to some complicated emotions for them to manage. Consequently these stages of development young people become overly concerned about their appearances such as weight or body image. In some cases this leads to eating disorders, low self-esteem and depressions. Sometimes young people swing between acting maturely and saying/doing ‘childish things’. Young people are more likely to communicate their inner thoughts and feelings more frequently to friends than they are with adults.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Organizational Commitment

Organizational Commitment and Communication Paper Week 3 COM/530 10/27/2011 Introduction A look at an organization’s communication and leadership styles can say a lot about the organization as a whole. Google has a relaxed atmosphere, where management allows workers to create their own schedules; and fosters creativity by allowing and encouraging their workers to explore side projects (Google Culture, 2011). What would happen if the leadership style were to change? This is one of the elements this paper will explore. A look will also be taken at: sources of power within the organization, the employee’s commitment to Google, how communication within Google relates to the worker, other motivational theories which would work at Google and how communication plays a part in the functioning of these theories. Different Leadership Styles Google has recently embarked on â€Å"Project Oxygen,† a plan to make a better manager (Bryant, 2011). An examination of data sets, compiled from employee surveys, awards given, and managers who performed well, was conducted. This resulted in Google wanting employees to feel empowered, know their managers were available, and have a better overall feeling about the work they did (Bryant, 2011). Google has made the shift to transformational leadership by inviting their employees to be more active in roles they play and working to develop managers that encourage creativity (Robbins, 2011). Having leader member exchange theory in practice at Google would serve to undermine Project Oxygen. This theory states managers have their trusted employees, who tend to get special considerations over other employees (Robbins & Judge, 2011). Having this theory in play, would only serve to drive a wedge between employees and employee supervisor relationships and reduce communication. The studies conducted by Google show employees want respect and equal opportunity from management (Bryant, 2011). Another example of a leadership style that would take away from Google’s goal would be the laissez-faire style of leadership, as employees have stated they don’t want weak willed passive managers (Bryant, 2011). Having a leader using this style would reduce the amount the employees spoke to this individual and cause disarray among the teams. Sources of Power at Google One might expect that Google, being a technical company, places a high importance on expert power as greater knowledge of writing computer code will mean more employees will come to that person for help. The company may have placed emphasis on this in the past, but has since discovered employees want to follow managers whom they like and identify with, which more closely relates to referent power (Robbins, 2011). As Robbins and Judge (2011) explain this type of power deals more with an employee having respect and admiration for their manager. Referent power will lead to employees communicating openly with their superiors and should influence a more positive attitude overall within the organization, as negative views and opinions will diminish among the workers. Legitimate power is also wielded by Google as they have employees who must complete work or they risk losing their jobs. This type of power serves to keep employees in line with company views and reduce negative communication within the organization as employees will not want to suffer the consequences. Reward power is also in use as employees are allowed to set up their own schedules and vie for more prominent positions (Google Culture, 2011). This power also serves to create a positive attitude by giving employees what they desire in the work environment. Employee Commitment and Communication Employees appear to have a strong organizational commitment to Google. Based on the freedoms granted to their employees, workers look to stay with Google out of affective commitment. This type of commitment suggests workers have an emotional attachment to the company and believe in the core values (Robbins, 2011). Google has a commitment to meeting the needs of the employee by modifying compensation packages to suit the employee, giving bonuses, and making the employee feel valued for what they do by providing other amenities most companies would not provide. Google has on site gymnasiums, chefs, laundry service, and shuttles (Google culture, 2011). By providing for employees, Google works towards establishing an emotional attachment. Open communication is encouraged and ideas are rewarded showing employees they have value in the eyes of Google. This communication is necessary to create a sense of freedom at work and allow for an open exchange of ideas. Different Motivational Theories Google could benefit from the use of self-determination theory as they look to empower their employees. This theory suggests workers want to feel they have free will in choosing their work activities and take joy in what they do without feeling it has become an obligation (Robbins, 2011). Communication plays an integral part in the application of this theory. Workers need to know they have choices within the work they do and that managers are available for discussion of changing roles or work activities. Google is a corporation that wants it employees to interact at all levels and across teams. This environment may be excellent for reinforcement theory, as this theory looks to reward positive actions immediately to ensure they are repeated and also to punish negative actions to ensure they are not repeated (Robbins, 2011). If open communication is encouraged and workers discuss goals they achieved and how they were rewarded for this, a general effect should be seen on surrounding employees. This means other employees should repeat the rewarded action to reap the rewards. The same can be said for actions which are negatively reinforced. A third and final motivational theory which would serve Google’s open form of communication is the equity theory. This theory looks at the motivation behind having a fair workplace (Robbins, 2011). Employees want to feel they are paid or otherwise compensated for their work based on experience and accomplishments. Communication is vital to this theory as the more open employees are with each other it provides the opportunity for salary and compensation to be discussed. As long as Google is handling their employees in an equal manner this should serve to show workers the more they work and strive to be better at their jobs, the more they can expect to earn. Conclusion Google has chosen to study their management styles that work best, â€Å"Project Oxygen;† and then train managers in tasks they have found work well for top performing managers. This has caused a shift towards transformational leadership. Google has found other types of management styles which are, for example, too strict are failing and causing high turnover (Bryant, 2011). As stated, having different types of leadership styles in use at Google, such as leader member exchange theory or laissez-faire style would undermine current goals and lead to poor communication within teams, leading to loss of faith in management. Google uses referent power, meaning employees have respect and admiration for their managers to keep employees happy (Robbins, 2011). The company also employs the use of rewards such as compensation packages suited to the employee and on site amenities (Google Culture, 2011) as rewards to keep employees happy. Google’s efforts appear to lead to an affective commitment to the organization as the employee develops an emotional attachment to their job (Robbins, 2011). Motivational theories such as: self-determination, reinforcement theory, and equity theory would most likely fit with in Google’s company culture. Each theory looks to place the emphasis on the employee through enriching their work experience or giving compensation. In short Google is looking to keep employees long term through positive work environments and structure. References Adam Bryant (2011, March 12). Google’s Quest to Build a Better Boss. New York Times Retrieved October 29, 2011, from http://www. nytimes. com/2011/03/13 /business/ 13hire. html? pagewanted=all, Google Culture. (2011). Google. Retrieved October 29, 2011, from www. google. com/about/corporate/company/culture. Robbins, S. P. , & Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational behavior (14th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson- Prentice Hall.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Chapter Assignment

A. Scope Statement Project objective To organize a casual, charity dinner-dance concert for 30 couples within four weeks at cost not to exceed $5,500. Deliverables Dinner for 60 people. Venue. Jazz music performance. Charity Information announcement. Milestone 1. Hall reserved and Jazz combo hired -February 2 2. The guest list checked-February 7 3. Invitation sent-February 14 4. Track list confirmed-February 20 5. Caterer hired-February 25 6. Tables, chairs arranged-February 28 Technical requirements . There must be dance floor that can accommodate 60 people to dance. 2. There must be sufficient number of tables and chairs that can hold 60 people. 3. There must be proper sound equipment for the music. Limits and exclusions 1. The concert will be organized to the specification provided by the local charity. 2. Alcohol drinks are not included among the ticket price but soft drinks are included. 3. Venue decoration and arrangement work limited through February 27 to March 1. Customer review The local charity b.The priorities would likely be the time and scope. The time is constrained since the concert would be held on specific date, and the scope of it must meet the specifications provided by the local charity. The quality should be accepted since the project should be on time and not to exceed the budget. Therefore, slightly lower quality is acceptable though not desirable. The one should be enhanced Is cost. Because the remaining budget will be included In charitable donations, the organizer loud take advantage of every opportunity to reduce the cost.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Worldwide Recycling Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Worldwide Recycling Comparison - Essay Example Initially, it was meant to ensure that glass bottles were returned to the major beverage seller at that time which as Coca-Cola. However, it eventually became a tradition that is used on all containers with so much success. Mannonen (2013) states that currently, Finland recycles almost 100 percent of the refillable glass containers. On average, a single glass bottle can be used up to 34 times. This is higher than any other nation in the world. Plastic bottles are also reused and recycled with the return rates standing at about ninety percent. When the plastic bottles are used in remanufacturing, they not only save raw materials but also energy since smaller quantity will be needed. Aluminum cans are endlessly being reprocessed. The cans are melted and used as raw material for new ones with five percent of energy that could have been used when making them from the original raw materials being saved. The latest inclusion to the system are the glass containers which are taken back for the raw materials. They are used in the making of new bottles, industrial frost and in the manufacture of lightweight concrete. Many foreigners who visit the nation are at times surprised when the see the locals luggage empty bottles and containers to shops. To the locals however, this is part of their day to day lives. When they buy drinks packaged in bottles, the price which they pay includes about ten to forty cent deposit. This deposit is given back to the buyer when they return the empty container to the shop. The payment is done through the reverse vending machine. The success of this system can be seen in the high rates of returns. These return rates have rarely been reached in other counties especially when all three packaging media are involved. The systems is monitored by Palpa whose sole goal is to ensure that the nation conserves its environment by keeping the containers used to package

Thursday, September 26, 2019

LEADING KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT FOR ORGANISATIONAL LEARNING Essay - 1

LEADING KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT FOR ORGANISATIONAL LEARNING - Essay Example Nowadays, with the support of knowledge management, numerous instruments and models of knowledge management are obtainable to organizations to acquire competitive advantage. Such development provides power to organization to manage and deal with actual business issues without difficulty. Organizations are in the habit of sharing and having to transmit knowledge to employees. However, there are challenges while transmitting important knowledge. Technology can contribute to the creation of knowledge but cannot stimulate or motivate knowledge sharing without the involvement and commitment of people within the organization. Hence, knowledge management can be viewed as either system or a model which will facilitate the development of processes to gather and share knowledge. Oil companies, like British Petroleum, operate according to the capacity and capability of its human resources, technologies, infrastructure, and natural resources. If one of the components changes, it affects the production, planning, and processes of the industry. In the present global setting, based on the technological and social development worldwide, organizations are obliged to adopt knowledge management systems as an important technique to manage the global competition and to enhance their ability to overcome challenges in their operations regardless of the organization’s size. Hence, knowledge management becomes the most important component for the oil industry. Knowledge of the top management and executives within the oil industry probable to retire in the near future, if not efficiently managed, may result in loss of knowledge or produce vast knowledge gap, particularly in the oil industry. In these circumstances, mere knowledge management can offer ways to solve k nowledge loss. Oil firms, like British Petroleum, were early implementers of knowledge

Panopticon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Panopticon - Essay Example The involved management is in a position to monitor the behavior of the inmates who are placed at the perimeter of the building. Though the founder of the panoptic- Bentham- said this design is also applicable in churches, schools, hospitals or asylums, he concentrated on the panoptic prisons which are widely recognized today (Semple 2003). Between 1786 and 1787, Bentham travelled to kritchev to pay a visit to his brother. His brother- Samuel- was involved in various projects involving industrial ones for the prince Potemkin. Later, Jeremy acknowledged that it is his brother Samuel who came up with the idea of a circular building at the centre of a larger compound area where managers would be in a position to monitor the skills of all the unskilled workers. Jeremy, however, decided to conceptualize the idea into a prison setting. Once he returned to England from visiting his brother, Jeremy continued to work on his panopticon idea. He even sought the professionalism of an architect. He continued to propose his ideas to authorities with no avail. He was to see the prison but the authorities just turned him down. Thus, he concentrated his ideas in persuading the prime minter (Bentham 2011). His efforts bore fruits and he was given some initial capital to commence the project. After a struggle to purchase a site, he later bought one at the Milbank in 1779. The site however was quite unhealthy and small according to his sentiments. However, his efforts to plead with the government to allocate him more money to buy more land were unsuccessful. The authorities told him to manage with that land by building a much smaller panoptic prison. He continued to pester the government with his idea though he saw they were uncommitted to the project. The then prime minister resigned in 1801 and the project was put to a halt. Due to this, he remained bitter all his life and later demanded for

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Equity Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Equity Theory - Essay Example Equity theory is useful to understand why people behave in a certain manner that satisfy their desires and how they relate to these achievements. It is based on the simple belief that every employee in the organization wants to be treated fairly in relation to others. Here, the two aspects, i.e. ‘fairness’ and ‘relativity with others’ vary among individuals; these perceptions are greatly influenced by sociocultural aspects to a great extent. Many management researches have indicated that managing people in the contemporary global organizations that consist of employees from different sociocultural backgrounds has been a great challenge. Motivational needs vary in different cultures, which makes the managers’ job even more difficult to motivate their people according to what the employees perceive as a source of their motivation. In such situations, managers can improve their awareness of their people’s motivational needs through better people c onnect and interpersonal relationship. Other than actual motivational needs of every individual, managers can strive to know the extrinsic and intrinsic motivational factors of their people. In order to establish equity, organizations ensure goals and expectations are set, and reward schemes are made. All individuals will be rewarded in accordance with these policies and plans, which will cater to the extrinsic motivation. However, managers will have to make an effort to understand the intrinsic motivational factors for their people.

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Charles Jencks and Postmodernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Charles Jencks and Postmodernism - Essay Example For Jencks, Postmodernism hybridizes modernism by reweaving the recent modern past and local culture in to a single entity. He defines Postmodernism as the reaction against the monolithic architectural principles of Modernism. Postmodern architecture is a return to the sense of meaningful or referential function of architecture. It is a renewed awareness of the suppressed linguistic or connotative dimension in architecture and is expressed with contextualism and with a collaborative use of modern as well local or historical or referential elements in design. In spite of its opposition to modernism, Postmodernism has its roots in modernism which as we know rejected all old Victorian ideals of how art should be made, interpreted and what it should mean. Architects tried to get away from the philosophical, ethical and formal dictation of the rationalism by a playful and ironical association with construction forms, architectural historical quotations and stylistically contamination and this eventually lead to Postmodernism. The movement largely has been a reaction to the orthodoxy, austerity, and formal absolutism of the International Style. Postmodernism describes the returning tendency of assembling organic narration and historical references in architectural designs by a process of assimilation and re-interpretation; the assimilation of the essence of historical works and reinterpreting the same in combination with the modernist style, thus creating a hybridized form of art. Hence Postmodern architecture is characterized by the incorporation of historical details in a hybrid rather than a pure style, by the use of decorative elements, by a more personal and exaggerated style, and by references to popular modes of building. This ty pe of architecture where reference and ornament have returned to the facade, replacing the aggressively unornamented modern styles, has also been described as "neo-eclectic". This Post modernity in architecture is generally thought to be heralded by the return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. It is a rejection of strict rules set by the early modernists and seeks exuberance in the use of building techniques, angles, and stylistic references. Postmodern architecture is a return to the sense of meaningful or referential function of architecture, a renewed awareness of the suppressed linguistic or connotative dimension in architecture. Jencks was on of the first to transfer the term 'Post Modern' from literary expression, where it was first used in 1975 to architecture. And in this manner he is the first to theorize postmodernism from the perspective of architecture. Jencks and some other post-modernists believe that post-modernism really began to emerge in the counter-culture of the 1960s. In the West it was a period of questioning and challenging rules and norms, and of embracing spiritual and artistic modes from other cultures that had previously been ignored. According to Jencks's earlier definition, postmodernism describes anything that was build after 1972, the year in which the Pruitt-Igoe project in St Louis for low-income housing was eventually destroyed with dynamite. Jencks's Concept of Modernism and its Shortcomings Jencks claims that modern architecture developed from the interests of large corporations on account of the progress in

Monday, September 23, 2019

Impacts of Culture on Learning and Epistemology Essay

Impacts of Culture on Learning and Epistemology - Essay Example As our class readings have explained, even the way that knowledge is acquired in the first place can have a profound effect on how that knowledge is understood, transmitted, retained, passed on, and applied in the future. For instance, in certain Asian cultures questioning the author, the text, or the instructor is considered unconstructive and/or rude (Lei et al, 2011). As such, this type of learning environment deeply affects the extent to which constructive skepticism takes place and may retard deductive reasoning abilities of the student to a certain degree (Zhu et al, 2010). This is not to pick one culture out from the group and point out its shortcomings; rather, the intention is to show that on aggregate, every culture has attributes that directly affect the way we perceive, understand and apply knowledge. Likewise, with respect to intellectual property and original ownership of a set of ideas, cultural differences allow for a wide array of interpretations. What would be consi dered cheating in many Western universities or institutes of higher education is not necessarily frowned upon elsewhere in the world as it is perceived that a positive benefit of learning is synthesizing other people’s work (even without attribution) into one’s own. Likewise, research methodology, argued by some to be an exact science which has withstood the test of time and continues to be a determining factor of success for many students, can perhaps be seen as the crux of the matter as it relates to knowledge, learning, and the cultural influences that benefit and inhibit each one of us (Kinasevych, 2011). For instance, while performing research within the rubric of a formalized research methodology, a student may have fewer inhibitions regarding liberally borrowing the work of another without proper attribution as this would be seen as a net positive and not necessarily a serious infraction of academic integrity (Jorge, 2011). Likewise, a student with a particular cultural background might be very hesitant to choose a thesis topic that would likely have a contesting view of that of their advisor. Again, none of these situations explain an absolute; instead, they are simply extant to remind the reader that cultural influences in the way we learn, maintain, question, and use the knowledge provided us have a major impact on how we view the world and interact with it. As has been evidenced through the course readings and lecture notes, culture and the way one learns so intimately affects the way in which one presents and understands information as it cannot be rightly overstated. Whether it is the particular/peculiar method of learning, differentiated attitudes towards borrowing of ideas (plagiarism), or the compound impacts of culture on formalized research methodology have a profound impact on how we view the world. As is the case with this author, I have grown up attending Western schools and learning Western concepts of how to attain, apply, and question knowledge from my earliest years. As such, I would be remiss if I did not discuss the most serious drawback that I see in my own cultural learning experience; the attitude towards plagiarism. Although it is inarguable

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Costco Wholesale Essay Example for Free

Costco Wholesale Essay 1. Executive Summary Costco Wholesale Corporation founded in 1983 by Jim Sinegal in Seatle Washington with a vision mission â€Å"to continually provide members with quality of goods and services at the lowest possible price control inventory.† Part of their strategy include direct buying relationship that ensures an efficient strong SC management, high standard staffing plans, high quality products at lower prices and assessable to members who are considered more loyal. Efforts are made to develop strategic options in line with these strategies while focusing on the supply chain parameters that span from order placement to receipt of goods at the warehouse and made available to customers in the warehouse shop floor using the most cost effective processes in order to ensure they support the mission of the company. By assessing Costco’s external opportunities and threats as well as the internal strengths and weaknesses (using SWOT Porter’s Five Forces analysis), one can infer they are doing well within their industry. More options were generated to increase sales and awareness of the retail warehouses. The report concludes with recommendations for Costco to sustain it’s market edge and advance by expanding into the European Asian markets more as their presence is still very weak in these regions as well as add other services goods to their already existing list. 2. Introduction Costco Wholesale Corporation founded in 1983 within the retail industry is the largest warehouse club in the world based on sales volume. A major wholesale business offering three levels of membership and the largest wholesale club operator in the US with membership/warehouse locations spread across Asia, Europe, North South America with headquarters based in Washington, US. Their main competitors operating membership warehouses include Sam’s Club BJ’s wholesale club. Jim Sinegal, the founder defines the company vision as â€Å"giving the best to the customer at the best value possible†. Here best value (in quality of goods services offered) at low prices are the driving force. Costco backs up it’s products with a return policy within a time frame of average 90 days, a highly endearing attraction to it’s members. The business model focuses on low prices volume purchase in order to achieve profit at low margin with stores offering discounts on an average of 4,000 products out of which roughly a thousand are ‘treasure hunt’ referring to goods that are scarcely available for purchase always. Volume purchase from few vendors yielding further reduction in price and lowers cost in marketing. With low prices, quality goods in limited selection based on forecast lead to quick turnover in inventory. The high volume purchase and efficient network distribution yield efficiency in operations for Costco. With a stipulated membership fee, Costco warehouses are designed to help small to medium size businesses reduce purchasing costs as well as serving large families with the goods packaged in bulk ranging from alcoholic beverages, electronics, fresh food/produce, household office supplies, pharmaceuticals tires. Also available are special memberships with services like car home insurance, m ortgage and real estate services, and packages for travels. 3.Purpose and Main Areas Of the Research (Concepts Techniques) Analyzing the supply chain operations at Costco wholesales, in line with the business focus while limiting to it’s supply chain operations strategy for maintaining a competitive edge as it relates to SC operations (from sourcing to arrival on pallets and or display at their various warehouses racks), their challenges and options for improvement will be the focus of this report. The following issues will form questions that will give a frame for this report: †¢ What are the key issues facing Costco in line with (efficient) Supply Chain Operations? †¢ What would be options to compete with these issues?  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Which options best suits the business focus and would yield better growth financially? The sections thereafter will consider trying to answer the questions above by applying SWOT analysis (see appendix 1) and Porter’s five forces framework (see appendix 2). Areas needing improvement will be obvious from such, options that would generate better performance after localizing issues peculiar to Costco. These would ultimately lead to clear recommendations for Costco’s improvement. Due to inaccessibility of authentic and current data for successive years on sales, further analysis could not be carried out to compare Costco for accurate sales assessment in the last three years or compare with the other two leading club wholesalers (Sam’s BJs). Identifying, analyzing key parameters with Supply chain operations processes at Costco and suggest areas of possible improvement. Inventory Management: Since good are moved straight to the selling floor and inventory is not held by Costco but managed by vendors, inventory labor cost of handling is avoided. In their meat grocery section for instance, they focus on low-price high volume strategies hence, Costco carry very limited amounts of grocery perishables whereas Wal-Mart is known to have weakness in the area of perishables (Petrak, 2006) Partnership/Collaboration with suppliers: Costco has buying relationships with many producers of national brands and are supplied directly from suppliers routing to the warehouses of docking points that serve as distribution points. Partnership market is an attribute of Costco, for instance by partnering with American Express to create a Costco-AMEX credit card, discounts cash cards as offered to customers while Costco markets Amex cards, thereby helping them to acquire more customers. Distribution Strategies/Transportation: The redesign of product packages to fit into pallets and thereby maximize space has led to reduction of trucks used to transport goods. Cross-docking of goods by delivering directly to Costco stores while some are kept in the distribution centers saves a lot of time cost along the SC. Utilization of buzzers for truck drives at delivery points to indicate when trucks have been unloaded can save time as against the truck driver’s physical movement within the warehouse is a time saver. Their warehouses are not situated on prime locations hence cost is saved from unnecessary high property cost; again, they own over 80% of the warehouses. Green Logistics: Costco Kirkland signature has launched eco friendly cleaning products. It maximizes the use of solar power in it’s warehouses, it’s delivery trucks are better packaged to allow maximization of space so as to reduce fleets of transportation and hence environmental pollution. Energy is better conserved with timed lighting and construction of warehouses that can maximize skylight during the day. Food products are packaged in recyclable and more environmentally friendly materials. Customers are paid to recycle their old electronics at the green sight. Information Technology: This retailer prides itself in it’s connection of all warehouses to the headquarters in Washington. By using the EFIM which provides real time information, manages control systems and inventory management system. The ECR is used to achieve profitability, improvement in efficiency, logistics, procurement and overall cost control. Kumar (2008) records that approximately $6 billion in a year is lost in the USA by supermarkets due to out of stock products among 25 top retailers as a result of inefficiency in their logistics. Vertical Integration: Costco practices a partial vertical integration with it’s cross-dock distribution. By gaining control of either its inputs or its outputs or both in sourcing directly from suppliers they have more control over innovation delivery of those services. Cost is also reduced which is ultimately transferred to customers. Further optimization of operational performance through SC operations options that can sustain a competitive edge and improve customer satisfaction through service improvement and cost reduction. 4. Description Of The Separate Areas 4.1Description of The SC Operations Performance Improvement. The measurement of SC performance can be based on profit, customer service or sales maximization (Chow, 1994). While the traditional method majorly measured product costs, identification of costs related to customer service is key. Elimination of various extraneous costs like plastic shopping bags, fewer shop floor staff, limited product variety brands on shelf and also slowing down on capital expenditure like expansion, Costco has been able to focus on improving buying power for achieving greater output. Since inventory rates are quickly turned over, payments to suppliers is fast tracked hence they are able to benefit from discounted early payments. Cost is involved in sourcing products from suppliers, shipment to depots warehouses, distribution to warehouses storage in inventory. By considering the concept of avoidable cost (possibly considering packaging storage), efforts can be made to improve on SC performance by implementing better SC integration program. Partnering with more suppliers and or service providers for better flow of operations as well as building keener competition can enhance better efficiency leading to more profit in the long run. More side business services can be added at Costco like money order and cash transfers to attract more customers and make Costco a one stop store. Aside from email messages being sent to existing members on promotions, greater awareness can create a more organized means to lure more customers on the expanding array of products services such that new more revenue streams are attained. 4.2 Issues Affecting Supply Chain and Possible Solutions Analysis of SC at Costco using SWOT analysis (appendix 1) reveals Costco is doing really well. Growth opportunities exist for business by entering the European Asian markets as these have not been exploited. From present methods of operations, the high staff salary and low margins maintenance amongst other issues need to be looked into for future prospects. The aging and close exit of the CEO along with growing competition and other threats in intended foreign markets such as political and religious wars, foreign exchange bank issues are threats to consider. In dealing with these issues, it will be important to assess briefly lead time management, product handling, transportation, quality, inventory as well as possible process solutions. Where possible, promotions should be done to enhance more sales though with the low prices and already highlighted low margin high employee, this may eat into the profitability but if well planned can create more publicity for the company which can yield quick inventory turnover. Since low overhead tight operation is the practice, better savings can be passed on to customers in form of promotion or otherwise. Exploration of overseas market is still a strong force and will yield greater profit considering the existing reputation Costco has and understudying how business is executed in such regions. Development of more private labels on wider product range and increased focus on customer loyalty programs are worth considering as well. It is advisable the board of management put in place a business plan before the exit/retirement of the CEO. Porters Five Forces analysis (see appendix 2) could identify an overall attractive industry, with the following power and threat situation: The buyer power was determined to have a positive potential impact on Costco business as it portray that buyers have the requisite level of expendable incomes to provide effective demand for goods services. In a similar manner, low threat of new entrants and substitute products portray an attractive industry whereas moderate internal rivalry and supplier power have a positive impact on Costco operations as it kept the company alert and devoid of complacency. 4.3 Analyzing The Contribution Of SCOM to Competitive Business Performance To further highlight the role of SCOM in enhancing business performance and maintaining a competitive edge, a few activities like volume purchasing, efficient packaging distribution, supplier integration customer integration have contributed to give a close picture of Costco capabilities and business level performance with each activity having unique benefits and detriments. Again, constant review of SCM practices may further help management in Costco to further match demand with SC requirements like efficient, lean SC (Cook et al , 2011). Their Network design, JIT resource planning distribution, optimization of transport replenishment policies have impacted positively and should be subject to constant review for sustaining a competitive edge. 5. Conclusion Finally, it is believed that some useful contributions are being developed to improve supply chain and it’s operation in line with the objective of Costco in delivering quality at lowest cost to customers on time with the aim of sustaining a more competitive advantage. Some useful SC options have been suggested above which support these objectives. While the ultimate goal remains to sustainably increase market share by achieving more qualitative growth and at the same time expand on the earning base through exploitation of the European market and already existing markets, Mascarehas et al (2004) adds that â€Å"competitive advantage must be won again and again† in other words, giving the current ever changing business world we live in, customer tastes and priorities are changing hence the need for Costco to be better positioned in order to respond always to it’s members needs while expanding on new fronts.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Origins of Tissues Macrophages

Origins of Tissues Macrophages Ryan Lewis    Discuss current ideas about the origins of tissue macrophages and whether these origins influence the subsequent functions of macrophage Graphical Abstract Figure Legend: This figure highlights possible tissue macrophage origins and their development pathways. The essay discusses contradicting findings in the literature, involving three different publications; Sheng et al, 2015 (blue pathway), Hoeffel et al, 2015 (red pathway) and Perdiguero et al, 2015 (green pathway) which are shown in the figure. Cell positions relate to the time point they are established during embryonic development. Positions of yolk sac and foetal liver are also related to the times they are developed. Introduction In the late 19th century Ilya Metchnikoff discovered macrophages (Tauber, 2003) and since then our understanding of the immune system and its complexity has progressed to a stage where the macrophage is no longer as simple as was originally depicted by Metchnikoff. Although much more is known about tissue specific macrophages and their functions, the origins of these macrophages are less well understood including how their origins relate to the functions they have within specific tissues. This essay aims to address the current ideas about the origins of tissue macrophages and whether these origins influence the subsequent functions of macrophages. Macrophage Discovery and History As previously mentioned Metchnikoff discovered the macrophage late in the 19th century (Tauber, 2003). Metchnikoff published a paper talking about phagocytic cells he had observed in frogs, he described the phagocytic cells as being involved in host defence but also the clearing of dead and dying cells (Gordon, 2007). Mechnikoff then discovered the presence macrophages in starfish, which dont have a vascular system, which led him to the discovery of tissue-resident macrophages (Gordon, 2007). Metchnikoff received the Nobel prize for his studies on cellular immunity to infection in vertebrates which he shared with Paul Ehrlich who discovered humoral immunity (Gordon, 2007). It took roughly 80 years after Metchnikoffs discovery before the origin of the tissue macrophage was uncovered. It was proposed that tissue macrophages originated from circulating monocytes in the blood (van Furth and Cohn, 1968), this theory has persisted for the last 40 years however from recent studies we know t hat this is not the primary origin of the tissue macrophage. Shortly after the theory that tissue macrophages originated from circulating monocytes was proposed, it was discovered that tissue macrophages and monocytes are heterogenous and their heterogeneity is conserved in humans and mice (Gordon and Taylor, 2005). The discovery of monocyte subsets followed shortly after in 1983, which supported the theory that tissue macrophages originated from circulating monocytes (Yona and Jung, 2009). The theory that tissue macrophages are derived from circulating monocytes has been the prevailing view until very recently partly due to the arrival of advanced techniques including; fate mapping and ionizing radiation. In the last 5-6 years, many definitive publications have redefined our understanding of the origins of tissue macrophages (Epelman et al, 2014). Recent studies have shown that many tissue macrophages are established during embryonic development and continually self-replenish into adulthood independently of any input from circulating monocytes in the blood (Epelman et al, 2014; Ginhoux et al, 2010; Hashimoto et al, 2013; Yona et al, 2013). Tissue Macrophage Heterogeneity and Function Tissue macrophage have a huge degree of heterogeneity which reflects upon the specialization of their functions in different tissues and locations (Gordon and Taylor, 2005). Macrophage heterogeneity is required to ensure the tissue macrophage has the most effective phenotype to tackle its specific microenvironment, this is particularly important in the gut. Tissue macrophages in the gut isolated from the lamina propria have a unique phenotype characterised by high phagocytic and bactericidal activity but very poor production of pro-inflammatory cytokines which makes them perfectly suited to their microenvironment (Gordon and Taylor, 2005). There are many specialised tissue macrophages that have very distinct functions including; osteoclasts in the bone which breakdown bone deposits for bone remodelling, alveolar macrophages (dust cells) in the lung that break down foreign material and pathogens, and microglia in the brain which play a role in neuronal development homeostasis and the recovery from pathology (Boyce et al, 2008; Rubins, 2003; Prinz et al, 2014). The theory that tissue macrophage populations are replenished from circulating monocytes in the blood is somewhat true but the most diverse tissue macrophages such as microglia, alveolar macrophages and osteoclasts are replenished through self-renewal and proliferation (Yona and Jung, 2009). There is a substantial number of studies discussing whether macrophages originating from monocytes in the blood can differentiate into resident tissue macrophages. In most cases the monocyte subset that the macrophage originated from determines its ability to differentiate into a specialized resident tissue macrophage, this is particularly true in the lung as studies have shown only Ly6Clo, not Ly6Chi, monocytes have the ability to differentiate into enchymal lung macrophages (Landsman et al, 2007). In regards to the more complex and specialised alveolar macrophages in the lung, studies have shown that these macrophage s require a parenchymal lung macrophage intermediate (Landsman and Jung, 2007). Circulating monocytes in the blood were long believed to be the origin of specialised tissue macrophages but recent evidence has shown that this is incorrect and proven that many of these tissue macrophage populations are developed long before birth (Epelman et al, 2014). Origins of Tissue Macrophages Macrophages are first observed during embryonic day 6.5 and are produced in the yolk sac during what is termed as primitive haematopoiesis (Epelman et al, 2014). During this early stage in development macrophages are the only immune cell produced due to restricted progenitors in the yolk sac. During embryonic days 8.5 10.5 hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge from the aorta-gonad meso-nephros (AGM) and give rise to all immune lineages (Epelman et al, 2014). At embryonic day 10.5 HSCs migrate from the AGM to the foetal liver, the foetal liver then becomes the major hematopoietic organ until birth. Only after birth do bone marrow HSCs become the primary progenitors and produce all immune lineages (Orkin and Zon, 2008). Microglia are the only tissue macrophages that are established in the yolk sac and are self-maintained through-out adulthood, all the other tissue macrophages are established from embryonic day 14.5 to birth and either self-maintained by proliferation or replenished b y HSCs in the bone marrow (Ginhoux et al, 2010; Sheng et al, 2015). The arrival of fat-mapping techniques have enabled researchers to precisely track embryonic macrophage populations into adulthood, giving an insight into the relationship between resident tissue macrophages and circulating blood monocytes (Epelman et al, 2014). As previously discussed, microglia are the only tissue macrophage originating from the yolk sac and arise before embryonic day 8 (Ginhoux et al 2010). Fate mapping analysis was used to determine that the origin of microglia was the primitive myeloid precursors in the yolk sac and also proved that microglia are self-maintained independently of any circulating blood monocytes (Ginhoux et al, 2010). There is also evidence that Langerhans cells originate from the yolk sac but only partially (Sheng et al, 2015). The fate mapping study by Sheng proved that microglia and Langerhans cells were the only tissue macrophages that originate from yolk sac precursors and th at most adult tissue macrophages originate from a second wave of haematopoiesis driven by HSCs. (Sheng et al, 2015). The number recent of publications concerning tissue macrophage origins is staggering and is most likely attributed to the arrival of fate mapping techniques. With the large surge of new studies regarding tissue macrophage origins it is important that a clear understanding is generated but this is not always possible with such a complicated subject. Contrasting Studies into Tissue Macrophage Origins There are a few recent studies concerning tissue macrophage origins which are particularly interesting. Sheng (Sheng et al, 2015) arrived at the conclusion that most tissue macrophages originate from HSCs however there are a few publications which contradict Shengs findings. Perdiguero concluded that yolk sac derived erythro-myeloid progenitors, were origin of almost all tissue macrophages which contrasts greatly with Shengs observations. (Perdiguero et al, 2015). Perdiguero also concluded that microglia were derived from erythro-myeloid progenitors rather than primitive yolk sac progenitors that was observed by Sheng, although both do come from the yolk sac (Perdiguero et al, 2015; Sheng et al, 2015). Perdiguero predicted that almost all other tissue macrophages originated from erythro-myeloid progenitors (Perdiguero et al, 2015; Sheng et al, 2015). A study by Hoeffel aligned well with Perdigueros observations but Hoeffel observed that primitive yolk sac progenitors gave rise to mic roglia rather than erythro-myeloid progenitors that was observed by Perdiguero (Hoeffel et al, 2015; Perdiguero et al, 2015). As well as the difference in the development of microglia, Hoeffel predicted that erythro-myeloid progenitors migrated to the foetal liver, giving rise to foetal monocytes which were then responsible for the production of tissue macrophages. (Hoeffel et al, 2015). Each of these 3 examples also propose a separate proposed major path of ontogeny and differentiation to adult tissue macrophage state. Perdiguero proposes erythro-myeloid progenitors from the yolk sac as the major precursor of tissue macrophages, Heoffel proposes erythro-myeloid progenitors from the foetal liver, as foetal monocytes, as the major precursor and, Sheng proposes that HSCs from the foetal liver are the major precursor (Perdiguero et al, 2015; Hoeffel et al, 2015; Sheng et al, 2015; Guinhoux and Guilliams, 2016). Although the observations made by Sheng are profoundly different to those m ade by Perdiguero and Hoeffel it could be down to the fate mapping technique they used. The model they used is not adapted to distinguish between late erythro-myeloid progenitors and foetal HSCs which has clearly effected the conclusion they have come to (Guinhoux and Guilliams, 2016). Although fate mapping has great potential in advancing our knowledge of cellular ontogeny there are certain limitation that come with it and these limitations must be considered when designing experiments and analysing data (Guinhoux and Guilliams, 2016). Do Tissue Macrophage Origins Matter? Determining the origins of tissue macrophages may be valuable for furthering our knowledge and understanding of their development but do their origins have any influence in determining their function? As well as ontogeny, diversity in the functions of tissue macrophages can also be attributed to the local signals received by the macrophages. These local changes can drive the expression of unique transcription factors which in turn lead to different functions (Lavin et al, 2015). There is a lot of evidence to suggest that the tissue macrophages microenvironment can alter its function, the plasticity of tissue macrophages allows them to adjust their functions to inflammatory events (Lavin et al, 2015). Using ionizing radiation most embryonic-derived tissue macrophages can be eliminated, they can then be replaced with donor-derived bone marrow progenitors to determine if the wild type state of the tissue can be restored. Using this technique, studies have proven that bone marrow progeni tors can completely restore the enhancer profile and transcriptional programme of the embryonic-derived tissue macrophages that were eliminated (Lavin et al, 2015). A very recent study has shown that yolk sac macrophages, foetal liver monocytes and adult bone marrow monocytes can all successfully differentiate into alveolar macrophages in the lung after the removal of the native alveolar macrophages using ionizing radiation (van de Laar et al, 2016). The study also showed that other already developed tissue macrophages, liver, peritoneal and colon macrophages cannot successfully differentiate into alveolar macrophages in the lung. This finding suggests that the plasticity of the mononuclear phagocyte system is at its largest during the precursor stage and after differentiation to tissue-resident macrophages no further phenotypic changes of macrophage types can take place (van de Laar, 2016). Perhaps the most interesting finding from this study is that the alveolar macrophages differ entiated from yolk sac macrophages, foetal liver monocytes and bone marrow monocytes were still able to self-maintain and prevent alveolar proteinosis (van de Laar, 2016). Similar results have also been observed with Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells were eliminated from the liver using diphtheria toxin-mediated depletion allowing its niche to become vacant. Observations showed that circulating monocytes can engraft the liver and adopt the transcriptional profile of the eliminated Kupffer cells and also become long-living self-renewing cells like their eliminated counterparts (Scott et al, 2015). These new findings question whether the origin of tissue macrophages is truly important to their function as the progenitors and monocytes tested have all been able to restore the tissues lost macrophages successfully without any loss of function. Conclusion Although determining the origins of tissue macrophages and other members of the immune system is important for the progression of our knowledge it remains to be seen whether the actual origins have any implications on the function of the tissue macrophages. The techniques used in the publications discussed are still very new and still require refinement, I believe further refinement of the techniques will enable a more detailed and accurate description on the origins of tissue macrophages and the role the origins play in their function. References       BOYCE, B.F., YAO, Z. XING, L. 2009Osteoclasts have multiple roles in bone addition to bone resorption.Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression, 19.3, 171-180 EPELMAN, S., LAVINE, K.J. RANDOLPH, G.J. 2014Origin and functions of tissue macrophages.Immunity, 41.1, 21-35 GINHOUX, F., GRETER, M., LEBOEUF, M., NANDI, S., SEE, P., GOKHAN, S., MEHLER, M.F., CONWAY, S.J., GUAN NG, L., STANLEY, E.R., SAMOKHVALOV, I.M. MERAD, M. 2010Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages.Science, 330.6005, 841-845 GUINHOUX, F. GUILLIAMS 2016Tissue-resident macrophage ontogeny and homeostasis.Immunity, 44.3, 439-449 GORDON, S. 2007The macrophage: past, present and future.European Journal of Immunology, 37, 9-17 GORDON, S. TAYLOR, P.R. 2005Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity.Nature Reviews: Immunology, 5.12, 953-964 HASHIMOTO, D., CHOW, A., NOIZAT, C., TEO, P., BEASLEY, M.B., LEBOEUF, M., BECKER, C.D., SEE, P., PRICE, J., LUCAS, D., GRETER, M., MORTHA, A., BOYER, S.W., FORSBERG, E.C., TANAKA, M., VAN ROOIJEN, N., GARCIA-SASTRE, A., STANLEY, E.R., GINHOUX, F., FRENETTE, P.S. MERAD, M. 2013Tissue-resident macrophages self-maintain locally throughout adult life with minimal contribution from circulating monocytes.Immunity, 38.4, 792-804 HOEFFEL, G., CHEN, J., LAVIN, Y., LOW, D., ALMEIDA, F.F., SEE, P., BEAUDIN, A.E., LUM, J., LOW, I., FORSBERG, E.C, POIDINGER, M., ZOLEZZI, F., LARBI, A., NG, L.G., CHAN, J.K., GRETER, J.K., BECHER, B., SAMOKHVALOV, I.M., MERAD, M. GINHOUX, F. 2015C-Myb(+) erythro-myeloid progenitor-derived fetal monocytes give rise to adult tissue-resident macrophages.Immunity, 42.4, 665-678 LANDSMAN, L., VAROL, C. JUNG, S. 2007Distinct differentiation potential of blood monocyte subsets in the lung. Journal of Immunology, 178.4, 2000-2007 LANDSMAN, L. JUNG, S. 2007Lung macrophages serve as obligatory intermediate between blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages.Journal of Immunology, 179.6, 3488-3494 LAVIN, Y., MORTHA, A., RAHMAN, A. MERAD, M. 2016Regulation of macrophage development and function in peripheral tissues.Nature Reviews: Immunology, 15.12, 731-744 ORKIN, S.H. ZON, L.I. 2008Haematopoiesis: an evolving paradigm for stem cell biology.Cell, 132, 631-644 PERDIGUERO, E.G., KLAPPROTH, K., SCHULZ, C., BUSCH, K., AZZONI, E., CROZET, L., GARNER, H., TROUILLET, C., DE BRUIJN, M.F., GEISSMANN, F. RODEWALD, H.R. 2014Tissue-resident macrophages originate from yolk-sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors.Nature, 518, 547-551 PRINZ, M., TAY, T.L., WOLF, Y. JUNG, S. 2014Microglia: unique and common features with other tissue macrophages.Acta Neuropathologica, 128.3, 319-331 RUBINS, J.B. 2003Alveolar macrophages: wielding the double-edged sword of inflammation.American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 167.2, 103-104 SCOTT, C.L., ZHENG, F., DE BAETSELIER, P., MARTENS, L., SAEYS, Y., DE PRIJCK, S., LIPPENS, S., ABELS, C., SCHOONOOGHE, S., RAES, G., DEVOOGDT, N., LAMBRECHT, B.N., BESCHIN, A. GUILLIAMS, M. 2016Bone marrow-derived monocytes give rise to self-renewing and fully differentiated Kupffer cells.Nature Communications, 7, 10321 SHENG, J., RUEDL, C. KARJALAINEN, K. 2015Most tissue-resident macrophages except microglia are derived from fetal hematopoietic stem cells.Immunity, 43.2, 382-393 TAUBER, A.I. 2003Metchnikoff and the phagocytosis theory.Nature Reviews: Molecular Cell Biology, 4, 897-901 VAN DE LAAR, L., SAELENS, W., DE PRIJCK, S., MARTENS, L., SCOTT, C.L., VAN ISTERDAEL, G., HOFFMANN, E., BEYAERT, R., SAEYS, Y., LAMBRECHT, B.N. GUILLIAMS, M. 2016Yolk sac macrophages, fetal liver, and adult monocytes can colonize an empty niche and develop into functional tissue-resident macrophages.Immunity, 44.4, 755-768 VAN FURTH, R. COHN, Z.A. 1968The origin and kinetics of mononuclear phagocytes.The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 128.3, 415-435 YONA, S., KIM, K.W., WOLF, Y., MILDNER, A., VAROL, D., BRECKER, M., STRAUSS-AYALI, D., VIUKOV, S., GUILLIAMS, M., MISHARIN, A., HUME, D.A., PERLMAN, H., MALISSEN, B., ZELZER, E. JUNG, S. 2013Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis.Immunity, 38.1, 79-91 YONA, S. JUNG, S. 2009Monocytes: subsets, origins, fates, and functions. Current Opinion in Hematology, 17.1, 53-59

Friday, September 20, 2019

When Light Pierced the Darkness by Nechama Tec Essays -- Pierced Darkn

When Light Pierced the Darkness by Nechama Tec â€Å"Altruism: Concern for the welfare of others, as opposed to egoism; selflessness† (American 99). In her book entitled When Light Pierced the Darkness, Nechama Tec asserts that people who aided Jews during the Nazi Holocaust may have acted altruistically; however, they did so under a modified definition of altruism. Furthermore, she offers her own definition of altruism within the context of the Holocaust and designates six traits, which she found rescuers of Jews to exhibit. While many of these traits are apparent in the personalities of characters in the films: Shop on Main Street, Cold Days, Divided We Fall, and Europa Europa, some of them are glaringly absent. Tec offers the general definition of altruism, â€Å"†¦doing things for others without expectation of external rewards† (Tec 151). She indicates that this definition does not apply to people who saved Jews because it does not take into account the tremendous amount of risk (e.g., the possibility of losing one’s life) involved in their actions. Consequently, she offers the biological science definition of altruism, â€Å"†¦self destructive behavior performed for the benefit of others,† which she perceives to be more applicable to the exploits of non-Jews who rescued Jews (151). Moreover, Tec personally defines altruism within the context of the Nazi Holocaust as, â€Å"†¦ that [behavior] which is carried out to benefit another?with a possibility of very high, rather than inconsequential, personal costs to the giver† (151). In addition, within the parameters of this broad definition she offers two sub-definitions: normative altruism and au tonomous altruism. Tec explains that normative altruism (e.g., a father donating a kidney... ... were outsiders may have contributed to their selfish, cowardly behavior. Thus, it is the individual who demonstrates a high degree of independence, a strong sense of duty where charity is concerned, and an ability to value every human life regardless of religion or ethnicity that will be most likely to selflessly aid people in distress. Conversely, it is the individual that lacks the aforementioned traits, who will be the least effective in assisting those in need. Works Cited American Heritage Dictionary. Second College Edition. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.1982. Holland, Agnieszka. Europa Europa. Orion, 1991. Hrebejk, Jan. Divided We Fall. Czech Republic, 2000. Kadar, Jan, and Elmar Klos. Shop on Main Street. Czechoslovakia, 1965. Kovacs, Andras. Cold Days. Hungary, 1966. Tec, Nechama. When Light Pierced the Darkness. 1986.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

A Comparison of the Villains of A Dolls House and Madame Bovary :: comparison compare contrast essays

Similarities in the Villains of A Doll's House and Madame Bovary Bibliography w/2 sources  Ã‚   Krogstad and Lheureux are two literary villains created by Henrik Ibsen and Gustave Flaubert respectively. Between them, they share many similarities. They both are exploiting the main character of the novels they are in. They both want something, which was at least at one point money. They both seem cold and heartless, remorseless, though nice at one point in time. When are also alike in that when they want something, they will resort to vicious means of acquiring it. They know the secrets in which both novel's plots are based. The list of similarities is significant as any one can see, but can they really be named "similar"? Perhaps they have some in common, but are the characters truly alike? It would seem to me that they are actually very different. It can be argues either way, but the correct answer to this question can only come though examination. Weighing both the likenesses and similarities will rule out either extreme in likeness, but perhaps they fall into a category close to one side. In this essay I intend to cut through the protective fibers set by Flaubert and Ibsen, and to examine the contents of two important characters, to compare them, and to contrast. Both Lheureux and Krogstad want something. At first they both want money, which is a large similarity. Soon Krogstad changes his demand to keeping his job, and Lheureux just lets the debts owed to him by Emma Bovary build up. They both seem nice at one point in each work. Lheureux begins on a good note, being very kind to Emma and her husband. He extends a lot of credit to Emma, which she abuses, and unwittingly plans her own demise. Krogstad on the other hand begins with a money grubbing attitude, though not quite as ruthless as that of Lheureux. Krogstad's ultimately progresses through the play, when at the end he is actually a decent individual. It would seem that as far as character progression goes, the two are inverse of each other. They both use threats to gain what they want. In Lheureux's case, he threatens to tell her husband, and later foreclosure if she doesn't pay. She managed to put Lheureux off for a while. Finally he lost patience...He'd be forced to take back the things he had brought her.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Comparison of Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants and Cat In The Rai

Comparison of Hemingway's "Hills Like White Elephants" and "Cat In The Rain" "Cat In The Rain" is set in an Italian hotel where we meet an American couple. Outside a cat is trapped in the rain, and the wife wants to save it. When she goes to get it, it is gone but the maid later brings her one. The point of view in the story is a third person narrator, but the perspective changes going from the wife to the husband and an objective narrator who tells it like it is. The story is told retrospectively in the past tense. The narrator is omniscient - that is 'he' knows all but judges nothing. On the first page it seems it is the waiter objectively telling us what is going on whereas the second page is told by the wife and the last paragraphs of the third and fourth [and last] page in our story is told to us by George (the husband). In his composition of "Cat In The Rain", Hemingway frees the story from narrative interpretation and leaves it up to us, his readers, to interpret what is going on. The story seems strangely ambiguous in its narrative nature. This is apparently due to the objective narration and the no-judging attitude in it's style. The people we meet in this story are the couple (George and the nameless wife), the padrone, the waiter, the maid and the rain coat man. We are not supplied with any information about the waiter (who appears on the first page and seems to voice the first part of the story), nor are we supplied with information on the rain coat man. The padrone is attentive and seems to be everything her husband is not. Putting the couple up against each other reveals something quite interesting and gives us the impression that they are total opposites. The wife symbolizes natu... ... nameless and the man in "Hills" is nameless. I think the couples in the two stories are one and the same couple. Again the two stories are about having someone to care for - in "Cat" she wants to have a baby, and in "Hills" I think her wish is about to come true. Jig is pregnant, but the man (George?) does not seem at all excited and pleas with her in this story to have an abortion. He tells her "it's a simple operation" but that she should not do it if she does not want to. It is not hard to see that she does want to have the baby, and if you believe the two women are actually the same, you can surely understand why she wants her long-desired wish to come true. The themes in the two stories are also close to being the same - the lack of love and the lack of communication. So - are the two stories an 'evolutionary tale' about a couple? I do not doubt it.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Pillars of Democracy in Tanzania

Democracy is a political form of government in which governing power is derived from the people, by consensus (consensus democracy), by direct referendum (direct democracy), or by means of elected representatives of the people (representative democracy). The term comes from the Greek word (demokratia) â€Å"rule of the people†, which was coined from (demos) â€Å"people† and (Kratos) â€Å"power†. There is no universal definition of the term democracy, people like the late USA president ABRAHAM LINCOLN define democracy as â€Å"The government of the people, for the people and by the people† which means : ?Of the people means the government derives all its powers from the people ? For the people means the government is there to serve the interest of the people ? By the people means the people elect those who are to govern on their behalf According to Nnoli(20033) he defined democracy as the system of government usually involving freedom of the individual in various aspects of life, equality among citizens, justice in the relations between the people and the government and the participation of the people in choosing those in government.Democracy is devided into direct democracy where by all adult citizen of a community participate fully in a decision making on matter brought for discussion. Decision are by the popular vote YES or NO. The Anthens are the first people to practices direct democracy. It is mostly conducted in the small populated areas like classrooms in the election of the Class representative.The other type of democracy is indirect democracy where by different groups in community elect reoresentative and give them mandate to make public decision on their behalf. The representative may be one person or small group of people. Indirect democracy originated in Europe during the emergence of capitalism. In this kind of democracy periodic elected leaders are placed into power and are removed from the power through periodic elec tion, it mostly done in highly populated areas.Also these representative is divided into three categories which are parliamentary democracy Which is kind of representative democracy where by the executive is a part of the legislature here king or queen is the head of the state and prime minister is the head of government example Britain,Spain,Holland,Beigium and so on, the other category is Presidential democracy where by the executive and the legislature are independent of each other. The president is the head of both state and government and holds ffice for a fixed period example USA In order for the democracy to stand in any society the following are some of the essential pillars of the architecture of democracy; First, free and fair elections lend legitimacy to democracy by preventing one person or a small group in society from imposing certain vested interests on the general population. No one person or group should exercise a monopoly of power over the election process. In a d emocracy, political parties can be formed and can campaign without intimidation.Some countries require political parties to have a minimum level of popular support before they can participate in elections. All political parties must also have access to a free media and other means to broadcast their election manifestos. The electoral process is supervised, monitored and carried out by a neutral body, often an election commission. In Tanzania free and fair election is conducted though in other hand it is not practiced since some political parties are given more chances to broadcast their election manifestos than others.For example CCM(Chama cha Mapinduzi) is given priority to broadcast its election manifesto than other political parties like TLP(Tanzania labour Party), CHADEMA (Chama cha demokrasia na Maendeleo), CUF(Civic United Front) and others. Also there is no neutral electoral commission as the commissioner of National Electoral Commission (NEC) is appointed by the President an d it works under the President office which might violate its neutrality. The second pillar is political tolerance. Free and fair elections do not give a mandate to oppress or sideline those who have voted against the government.It also does not mean that the majority have the right to rob the minority of its civil liberties, rights, property or life. Tolerance is required for democracy to be sustained. If minority groups do not benefit equitably from the election process, there can be no peace. That absence of peace would make a mockery of efforts to be democratic. In many countries, there are examples of rewards being given only for those voters who supported the ruling party, with neglect or punishment for those who voted for the opposition. The distribution of food, water supplies and development resources has been used as a weapon of control to win elections.In Tanzania to some extents the majority rule is applying while minority rights are respected but the political tolerance is yet to stand as we saw in our last general election where Chama cha demokrasia na Maendeleo(CHADEMA) didn’t accept the win of the President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete and in the opening assembly of the second phase of his term their Members of Parliament went out and didn’t recognize his position of President. That was being intolerant. The third pillar is the rule of law. There has been much debate on the meaning of this.What is clear, though, there is close connection between the rule of law and democracy. When the political process is subject to laws and the government officials exercising their power and authority within the constitution and laws of the country, it enables citizens to judge the lawfulness of the government. Democracy becomes dysfunctional when the bureaucracy, the judiciary, the legislature, the private sector, the police and the military all use their power to enrich themselves and advance their own interests at the expense of civil society. Laws n otwithstanding, corruption undermines the rule of law.To ensure the functioning of the rule of law, it is vital that the integrity and independence of the judiciary and the entire justice system are not subject to undue influence and illegal intervention. In Tanzania the practice of rule of law is very minimal the governors undermine its practice where some of the leaders who break the laws are not taken care of as the laws claims, also the problem of corruption in the judiciary branch is persisting never the less the judiciary has done its part in solving elections cases of Igunga, Ubungo, and Arusha constituents as well as private candidacy in general election by standing on the lawsThe fourth pillar is freedom of expression. What people in civil society are allowed to say, print, distribute and discuss is indicative of the democratic nature of a political system. A free press is a measure of the freedom of expression in a society. Few governments have a genuinely easy relationshi p with a free press. Yet, despite all its shortcomings, a free press, supported by open Internet access, is indispensable to keeping the public informed as part of a functioning democracy. Even in an established democracy, government may seek to manipulate a free press into serving its own ends.Governments often conduct spin campaigns, to advance their agenda and dilute the power of independent media. New technology is unleashing powerful new forces through expansion of information dissemination and space for public discourse. These new forces have made it much harder for governments to control the flow of information. The fact remains that even democratically-elected governments will go to great lengths to manipulate public opinion whether on TV, in the print media or the Internet.Taking the case of Tanzania where newspapers like Mwanahalisi was banned by the government just because it provided information that affect the welfare of some of government leaders. Also the Editor of Ta nzania daima newspaper Absalom Kibanda is also facing the court charges for allowing publishing of news that affect the current government interests so the freedom of press is denied and government create fear indirectly for the public opinions to be expressed The fifth pillar is accountability and transparency.This means that institutions of government and individuals in those institutions must be held accountable for their actions. A government must be accountable to the people who elected it. Furthermore, it must be accountable to an independent judiciary or other impartial institutions established to check government action. Decisions must not advance the agendas of vested interest groups over the public interest. As Mmuya and Chaligha(1994: pg 189) claimed â€Å"Democracy become meaningful only when political parties are accountable to the people.Moreover the government has not only to be transparent but also be accountable to the people through their representatives. † Also political parties have to be accountable and perform their duties as they are supposed to be. To some extent the Tanzania government is accountable the public can question the government actions and expenditures, officials who misuse their power are removed from their positions. Example Dr. William Mhando the former managing director of TANESCO together with his subordinates were removed from office due to misuse of public office for their own interest.To some extent the Tanzania government is transparent from time to time it inform the public about its decisions and action example now days all members of parliament and high officials are asked to disclose their wealth before start to work and after fixed period before moves out from their positions. The sixth pillar rests on local political empowerment. The closer the government is to the people governed, the more responsive the government is likely to be. At the same time, for decentralised democracy to work, here must also b e a decentralisation of funding, material and human resources and institutional capability. Decentralisation of the political process is another way to curb the concentration of power and influence exercised by political forces. Citizens become more aware, interested and willing to participate in democracy when they see their officials as neighbours and what is at stake as something close to home. Only the national government can print currency, conduct foreign policy, provide for the nation’s defence.However local matters such as community services are best managed by local or state, regional or country or provincial government. The other pillar of democracy is the Separtion of power. Is the system where by Government powers are separated and divided between the three branches namely Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Each of these branches performs its functions independently without interference from other branches. Executive is the body of government which comprises th e President, the Cabinet and civil servants. Is the rulling body which conduct all administrative works in the government.Legislature is the law enacting body which comprise of the President and national assembly and the Judiciary body comprises of court judges, magistrates and headed by Chief justice and their duty is to enforce laws. In Tanzania these three branches are ideologically there but their practice is not efficient. The President who is the head of executive branch is also part of the parliament or legislature so he might have the influence to members of parliament when they will be required to pass the bills. In that sense the legislature branch is not fully independent from the executive branch.Also the President have the mandate to appoint court judges of high court as well as court of appeal together with the Chief Justice so they will ideologically being separate as judiciary branch but their work might have the influence of the one who apoointed them hence the sepa ration of power is yet not being achieved. The other pillar is human rights which are the needs which all people deserve simply because of their humanity. For example right to live, right to vote and to be voted. Ther are individual rights, moral rights and others.In Tanzania human rights are included in the national constitution and are also maintained, like right to vote, right to have basic needs, right to live though there are actions which deny some of these rights like killing of elders in Shinyanga and the Lake Victoria zone, also albino killing which both deny the right to live. All in all the pillars of democracy outlined above are necessary but insufficient without leaders to build and maintain them. The qualities of leadership for sustainable democracy are to be found in those who act in an honest, transparent and accountable manner.They are consensus builders, open-minded and fair. They are committed to justice and to advancing the public interest. And they are tolerant of opposing positions. In admitting our father’s limitations, let us strive to avoid the mistakes of the past and look forward to a new generation of leaders who can build on the lessons of the struggles of ordinary citizens for democracy. References: ?Mmuya and Chaligha(1994) Political parties and Democracy in Tanzania, Dar-es-salaam University Press Tanzania ? Nnoli(2003) Introduction to politics, Enugu Nigeria ?www. nationmultimedia. com

Monday, September 16, 2019

Dark Room Essay

The author of the Dark Room ( Rachel Seiffert) made Lore, who is a young girl that has to walk across germany during world war 2 with her siblings, a memorable character by showing what she is like, what Lore’s mission was and the theme of the novel during world war 2. The author of the Dark Room (Rachel Sieffert) used Lore’s Characteristics to make her memorable. Lore is very adaptable to life during World War II. Lore often has to improvise by finding other ways of doing things for example when Lore tries to keep the children clean, she uses paraffin with a tub to try and get rid of nits in the children’s hair. Food was also scarce so she had to make reasonable portions with the food she gathered for herself and her siblings â€Å"Lore divides the rest of the bread between them†. Thus shows how adaptable she is during the tough living situations and shortages of World War 2. Lore is also very brave; this is shown when Jochen was shot by the Russian soldiers†¦ ’ A gun is fired again†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ † The first one pulls Jochen shirt towards him†. When this happened in the novel Lore did not cry or run off after the Russian soldiers as they brutally killed Johan, this shows the reader how brave Lore is by leaving her own little brother in the paddock. This shows the authors intention to get the reader to feel for Lore as she must make tough decisions about food, which in today’s society is often taken for granted. The author of the dark room, Rachel Sieffert used Lore’s mission to make her a memorable character. In the novel Lore needs to walk to her oma’s place, making her way from southern Germany to a place near Hamburg which is approximately six hundred kilometres, she not only has to do it by herself she also has to walk all the way with her siblings with a lack of trains operating â€Å"The man in the office says she will need to get permission from the americans†¦ he last offical transport went over two weeks ago†.. †The station is deserted†. The author makes it memorable as it is such a long way to walk, especially in war times where conditions were extremely tough which is very unusual, even in today’s society, thus is how Rachel Sieffert makes Lore memorable by giving h er a mission of walking such a large distance.